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Glossary
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
A B C D
E F G H
I J K L
M N O P
Q R S T
U V W X
Y Z
A
- Abnormal operating conditions
- Environmental conditions that are unfavorable, harmful, or detrimental
to or for the operation of a hoist, such as excessively high or low
ambient temperatures, exposure to weather, corrosive fumes, dust laden or
moisture laden atmospheres, and hazardous locations.
- Adjustable screw
limit switches (internal)
- An electro-mechanical device that can be adjusted to stop chain travel
at predetermined positions on electric hoists.
- Air balancer
- A solution for precise positioning or repetitive transferring of loads
as heavy as 500 pounds. With up to 8" (up or down) of float, the
operator can position the load easily and precisely by hand. Perfect for
palletizing, fabricating, stacking and pick and placement of load and
unload.
- Appointed
- Assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's
representative.
- ASME
- The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
- Authorized
- Appointed by a duly constituted administrative or regulatory authority.
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B
- Beams
- Structural steel shapes usually of W or S configuration used to support
loads.
- Brake
- A device, other than a motor, used for retarding or stopping motion by
friction or power means.
- Brake, mechanical load
- An automatic type of friction brake used for controlling loads in a
lowering direction. This unidirectional device requires torque from the
motor or hand chain wheel to lower a load but does not impose any
additional load on the motor or hand chain wheel when lifting a load.
- Braking, dynamic
- A method of controlling speed by using the motor as a generator, with
the energy being dissipated by resistance.
- Braking, eddy current
- A method of controlling or reducing speed by means of an energy
induction load brake.
- Braking, mechanical
- A method of controlling or reducing speed by friction.
- Braking, pneumatic
- A method of controlling or powering a drive or brake by means of a
compressed gas.
- Braking, regenerative
- A method of controlling speed in which the electrical energy generated
by the motor is fed back into the power system.
- Bridge
- That part of an overhead crane, consisting of one girder, trucks and, if
applicable, drive mechanism, which carries the trolley or trolleys.
- Bridge girder
- A crane member of which carriers or trolleys travel horizontally,
mounted between and supported by the end trucks.
- Bridge travel
- The crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.
- Bumper
- A device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the
end of its permitted travel, or when two moving cranes or trolleys come
into contact. This device may be attached to the bridge, trolley or runway
stop.
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C
- Chain container
- A vessel attached to the hoist to store chain not being used to support
the load.
- Chain, hand
- The chain grasped by a person to apply force required for the lifting or
lowering motion.
- Chain, load
- The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
- Chain, roller
- A series of alternately assembled roller links and pin links in which
the pins articulate inside the bushings and the rollers are free to turn
on the bushings. Pins and bushings are press fit in their respective link
plates.
- Chain stripper
- A mechanical guide that helps load chain free itself from the liftwheel.
- Chain, welded link
- A chain consisting of a series of interwoven links formed and welded.
- Clearance
- The distance from any part of the crane to the nearest obstruction.
- CMAA
- Crane Manufacturers Association of America, a product section of the
Material Handling Institute.
- Collectors, current
- Contacting devices for conducting current from runway or bridge
conductors.
- Conductors, runway (main)
- The electrical conductors located along a crane runway that transmit
control signals and power to the crane.
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- Conductors, bridge
- The electrical conductors located along the bridge structure of the
crane that transmit control signals and power to the trolley(s).
- Control panel
- An assembly of components (magnetic, static, hydraulic, pneumatic, etc.)
which governs the flow of power to or from a motor or other equipment in
response to signals from a master switch, push button station, remote
control, automatic program control, etc.
- Control voltage
- The operating voltage of a hoist's control circuit. Usually 12, 24, 48
or 110 volts.
- Cord reels
- Electrification/CM cord reels permit free reverse winding without damage
to spring motor and unique strain relief.
- Crane
- A machine for lifting and lowering a load, and moving it horizontally.
Cranes, whether fixed or mobile, are driven manually, by power, or by a
combination of both.
- Crane, cantilever gantry
- A gantry or semigantry crane in which the bridge girders or trusses
extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one or both sides.
- Crane components
- End trucks, drive reducers, motors, controls and instructions provided
by a hoist manufacturer that enable a crane builder to fabricate single
and double girder top and under-running cranes. (The bridge girder(s)
connecting steel, electrification, fabrication, assembly and wiring of the
crane are done locally by the crane builder.)
- Crane, floor operated
- A crane that is controlled by a means suspended from the crane, operated
by a person on the floor or on an independent platform.
- Crane, gantry
- A crane similar to an overhead crane, except that the bridge for
carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs
running on fixed rails or other runway.
- Crane, manually operated
- A crane whose hoist mechanism is drive by pulling an endless chain or
whose travel mechanism is driven in the same manner or by manually moving
the load.
- Crane, overhead
- A crane with a movable bridge carrying a movable or fixed hoisting
mechanism and traveling on an overhead, fixed runway structure.
- Crane, power-operated
- A crane whose mechanism is driven by electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, or
internal combustion means.
- Crane, semigantry
- A gantry crane with one end of the bridge rigidly supported on one or
more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the bridge
being supported by an end truck running on an elevated rail or runway.
- Crane service, normal
- That service which involves operation with randomly distributed loads
within the rated load limit, or with uniform loads of less than 65% of the
rated load, for no more than 15% of the time of a single work shift for
manually operated cranes and 25% of the time of a single work shift for
electrically or pneumatically powered cranes.
- Crane service, heavy
- That service which involves operation within the rated load limit which
exceeds normal service.
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- Crane service, severe
- That service which involves normal or heavy service with abnormal
operating conditions.
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- Crane service, standby
- A crane which is not regular service but which is used occasionally or
intermittently as required.
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D
- Design factor
- The ratio of the average ultimate material strength to the static stress
calculated at rated load as applied to hoist load carrying components.
- Designated
- Selected or assigned by the employer or the employer’s representative
as being competent to perform specific duties.
- Dial-fit collar
- A metallic device used with CM Series 632 trolleys to allow adjustment
of the trolley to various beam sizes by selecting a collar position
appropriate for the specific beam.
- Drift point
- A point on a travel motion master switch or on a manual controller that
maintains the brake released while the motor is not energized. This allows
for coasting.
- Dual braking system
- A device which incorporates a primary brake and a backup or secondary
brake.
- Duty cycle
- Expresses a powered device’s capability, determined by load, rate and
number of motor activations. Through heat generation, these factors limit
the operating capability of the device.
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E
- Electrification
- The method of power distribution used to connect a device, such as a
hoist, to its electric source.
- End effector
- A below-the-hook lifting device specifically adapted for a special
application or load.
- End truck
- An assembly consisting of the frame and wheels which support a crane
girder and allow movement along a runway; used in pairs.
- Ergonomics
- The study of the human and machine interface.
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F
- Festoon systems
- Electrical cable support system that allows cords to move with the
hoist/trolley/crane without fouling
- Float
- A seemingly weightless condition associated with tool and load
balancers.
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G
- Guide, chain
- A means to guide the load chain at the load sprocket.
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H
- Hand chain
- The hoist chain grasped by a person to apply the force required for the
lifting or the lowering of a load; also used to apply the operating force
to move geared trolleys along the beam.
- Hazardous (classified)
locations
- Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist. Locations are
classified depending on the properties of the flammable vapors, liquids or
gases, or combustible dusts or fibers which may be present and the
likelihood that a flammable or combustible concentration or quantity is
present.
- Class 1 locations
- Locations in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in
the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable
mixtures.
- Class 2 locations
- Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible
dust.
- Class 3 locations
- Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of easily ignitable
fibers or flyings, but in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to
be in suspension in the air quantities sufficient to produce ignitable
mixtures.
- Headroom
- The distance between the bottom of the beam flange and the lower hook or
the distance between the bearing surfaces of the upper and lower hooks at
high hook position.
- Helical gearing
- A type of gearing which incorporates teeth cut at an angle to the gear
face, which results in longer life and quiet operation.
- HMI
- Hoist Manufacturers Institute, a product section of the Material
Handling Institute.
- Hoist
- A suspended machinery unit that is used for lifting and lowering a
freely suspended (unguided) load; can be powered by hand, air or
electricity; lifting medium either chain, wire rope or roller chain.
- Hoist, auxiliary
- A supplemental hoisting unit, usually of lower load rating and higher
speed than the main hoist.
- Hoist brake
- An electrically activated device which, when deactivated, serves to stop
hoist motion by friction.
- Hoist motion
- That motion which lifts or lowers a load.
- Hoist repair stations
- Facilities, with factory trained staff, strategically located throughout
the U.S., which provide service and repair of CM products.
- Hoistaloy load chain
- A registered term for CM load chain.
- Hook
- Load transmitting component most frequently used in conjunction with
chain and other equipment items.
- Hook saddle (bowl)
- Base of the hook to which the load or force is applied.
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I
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J
- Jibs
- Device utilized for maneuvering around work area obstructions. Available
as either free standing, column mounted, portable or articulated.
- Jib crane
- A stationary or fixed crane that utilizes a cantilevered bridge (girder)
supported from a stationary vertical support. The jib crane generally
utilizes a lifting device (hoist) that is mounted on the horizontal boom
(jib).
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K
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L
- Latchlok hook
- A self-locking hook with a throat opening that closes and locks when a
load is applied. To open the hook, the lock button must be depressed.
- Lever operated hoist
- Hand-operated hoist used to pull, lift, drag or stretch loads. Features
easy, one-hand operating and control.
- Lifters
- Operate under the crane hook and are offered in a variety of sizes and
configurations. Included are c-hooks, crane forks, coil lifters, beams and
sheet lifters.
- Lifting clamp
- Lifting device attached to a crane. The basic operation is the
tensioning of grips placed in or around the cargo to be lifted.
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- Lifting devices
- Devices which are not reaved onto the hoist rope or chain, such as hooks
on buckets, magnets, grabs, and other supplemental devices used for ease
of handling certain types of loads. The weight of these devices is to be
considered part of the rated load.
- Lifting hook
- Load transmitting component most frequently used in conjunction with the
hoist rope or chain, and other supplemental devices used for ease of
handling certain types of loads.
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- Lifting speed (hoist)
- The rate of motion that the load hook obtains while lifting a rated
load.
- Limit device
- A device which is operated by some part or motion of a power driven
hoist to limit motion.
- Load
- The total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.
- Load block
- The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, sprockets,
pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope or load chain. This shall
include any appurtenances reeved in the hoisting rope or load chain.
- Load chain
- The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
- Load limiter
- A device used to limit the load a hoist can lift to prevent gross
overload of the hoist.
- Load rated
- The maximum load for which a hoist is designated by the manufacturer or
qualified person.
- Load suspension parts
- The load suspension parts of the hoist are the means of suspension (hook
or lug), the structure or housing which supports the drum or load
sprocket, the rope or load chain, the sheaves or sprockets, and the load
block or hook.
- LodeRail
- Compatible with electric chain hoists and pneumatic balancers, this
overhead rail is ergonomically designed for ease of movement with minimum
force required to position loads.
- Low headroom
- A design which strives to conserve headroom (the distance between the
bottom of the beam flange and the lower hook at high hook position).
- Lug mounted
- A method of achieving low headroom by using a lug to attach a hoist to a
trolley.
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M
- Manipulator
- A machine which functions to control a load or perform a task as guided
by an operator.
- Master parts depots
- Strategically located U.S. facilities which inventory original CM hoist
parts.
- Material Handling
- Material Handling is the movement, storage, control and protection of
materials, goods and products throughout the process of manufacturing,
distribution, consumption and disposal. The focus is on the
methods, mechanical equipment, systems and related controls used to
achieve these functions. See also, Supply Chain, Supply Chain
Management, Logistics and Third Party Logistics. Note that all of
referenced terms are highly interrelated and their definitions are
frequently intermingled.
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- Metric rated
- Based on metric tons; 2205 lbs. = 1 metric ton.
- MHI
- Material Handling Institute.
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N
- NEMA
- National Electric Manufacturers Association.
- NEMA 4
- National Electric Manufacturers Association Standard No. 250, Type 4.
Applies to enclosures intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily to
provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and rain, splashing
water, and hose-directed water; undamaged by the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
- Normal operating conditions
- Conditions during which a hoist is performing functions within the scope
of the original design.
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O
- Oblique lay liftwheel
- A hoist liftwheel which carries the load chain at an approximate 45
angle, resulting in longer life, smoother operation and constant chain
speed.
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- Overhead Crane
- A crane with a single or multiple girder (bridge girder) bridge carrying
a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead fixed
runway structure.
- Overload
- Any load greater than the rated capacity or working load.
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P
- Parts (lines)
- Number of lines of rope or chain supporting the load block or hook.
- Pawl
- A device used to hold machinery against undesired rotation by engaging a
ratchet.
- Pendant control station
- Controls suspended from an electric hoist, air balancer or air hoist for
operation from the floor.
- Pneumatic
- Containing air, especially air under pressure.
- Power transmission parts
- The machinery components including the gears, shafts, clutches,
couplings, bearings, motors, and brakes.
- Proof load
- A specific load applied to chain or chain assemblies during a proof
test, a non-destructive test carried out to a specific multiple of the
working load limit.
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Q
- Qualified person
- A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of
professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and
experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve
problems relating to the subject matter and work.
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R
- Rail sweep
- A device attached to the crane and located in front of the crane’s
leading wheels to push aside loose obstruction.
- Ratchet
- A toothed member for engagement with the pawl.
- Ratchet Binder
-
- A toothed member for engagement with the pawl.
- Rated capacity
- The maximum load for which a hoist or other lifting device is designated
by the manufacturer.
- Reeving
- A system in which a rope or chain travels around drums, sheaves or
sprockets.
- Reduction gearing
- A set of gears comprised of more than one gear, the function of which is
to reduce the amount of revolution from a numerically higher to lower
value.
- Regenerative braking
- A method of controlling speed in which electrical energy generated by a
motor is fed back into the power system.
- Remote control
- A method of controlling a hoist trolley, crane, etc., other than a
pendant control station.
- Runway
- An assembly of rails, beams, girders, brackets, and framework on which
the crane travels.
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S
- Service, normal
- That distributed service which involves operation with randomly
distributed loads within the rated load limit, or uniform loads less than
65% of rated load for not more than 15% of the time for manually operated
hoists, and 25% of the time for electric or air-powered hoists.
- Service, heavy
- That service which involves operation within the rated load limit which
exceeds normal service.
- Service, severe
- That service which involves normal or heavy service with abnormal
operating conditions.
- Shackle
- A u-shaped piece of metal secured with a pin or bolt across the opening,
or a hinged metal loop secured with a quick-release locking pin mechanism.
- Sheave
- A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to change direction
and point of application of pulling force.
- Side pull
- The component of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist lines
are not operated vertically.
- Span
- The horizontal distance, center to center, between runway rails.
- Sprocket, idler
- A freely rotation device that changes the direction of the load chain.
- Sprocket, load
- A hoist component that transmits motion to the load chain. This
component is sometimes called load wheel, load sheave, pocket wheel or
chain wheel
- Spur gear
- A gear in which the teeth are cut parallel to the axis of rotation.
- Stop
- A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device
normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have
energy absorbing ability.
- Steel Chain
- A flexible series of connected links used in various ways, especially
for the transmission of motive power, for hoisting, and for securing or
fastening.
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- Switch
- A device for making, breaking, or changing the connections in an
electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic circuit.
- Switch, limit
- A device that is actuated by the motion of a part of a power-driven
machine or equipment to alter or disconnect the electric, hydraulic, or
pneumatic circuit associated with the machine or equipment.
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T
- Test stand
- Designed to simulate “live” load testing on hoists. Thoroughly
measures performance during inspection or after repair.
- Throat opening
- The dimension describing the maximum hook opening to accept the load.
- Top running
- To run on top of the bridge beams or runway beams.
- Tractor
- A trolley-like unit that incorporates a motor which drives against the
bottom of the beam flange to provide motion.
- Trolley
- A carrier unit that travels on the bottom flange of a monorail track,
jib boom or bridge girder to transport a load.
- Trolley travel
- The trolley movement in directions at right angles to the crane runway.
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U
- Unattended
- A condition in which the operator of a hoist is not at the operating
control devices (pendant station or hand chain). However, if the control
devices are within an unobstructed distance of 26 ft. (8.0 m) and within
sight of the operator, the hoist should be considered attended.
- Under hung
- To ride on the lower flange of the runway beams or bridge beam.
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V
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W
- Wheel, hand chain
- A wheel with formed pockets on its periphery to allow torque to be
transmitted when a force is applied to the hand chain.
- Wire rope
- A steel rope comprised of a core around which strands are arranged in
distinct patterns. The strand patterns are numerically designated.
- Working load limit
- The maximum load to be applied in direct tension to a new and undamaged
straight length of chain and chain attachments.
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X
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Y
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Z
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